Saccardo's umber

close to date brown, dark yellow brown

saccate

of a volva, shaped like a sac, cup or sheath

salmon-buff

a dingy pink

sanguineous

blood-red

saprobe

saphrophytic organism

saprophytic

living on decaying organic matter

sarcodimitic

consisting of generative hyphae and thick-walled, long, inflating fusiform elements, as in Gerronema

Sayal brown

close to cinnamon in color, dull to dark cinnamon; between a moderate orange and a moderate yellowish-brown

scaber

short projecting scale or tufted hairs

scabrous

roughened by short projecting rigid scales

scale

piece of tissue on surface that is not especially elongated, differentiated from surface by color or by projecting from it

scarlet

a brilliant red color slightly tinged with orange

sclerotium

a knot or firm frequently rounded mass of hyphae, usually underground, sometimes giving rise to mycelium or a fruiting body

scrobicula (plural scrobiculae)

a large conspicuous shallowly sunken spot, pit, hollow, or depression

scrobiculate

having scrobiculae, pitted with conspicuous wet-appearing slightly depressed areas

scum-like

of cap, having an area of superficial dark-colored fibrils

scurfy

surface covered with branlike particles resembling scales, same as furfuraceous

seceding

refers to gills that have separated in their attachment to the stem and have the appearance of being free, often leaving longitudinal lines on the stem where the gills were once connected

secondary spores

not borne on basidia, conidia, chlamydospores etc., formed directly on the mycelium or on hyphae of the fruit body

secotioid

suggesting an undeveloped or aborted gilled mushroom, resembling Secotium

senescent

becoming old

sensu

in the sense of

sensu lato

in a wide sense

sensu stricto

in a narrow sense

separable

said of stem or gill easily removed from cap

separate

of gill attachment, same as secede

sepia

a moderate brown; a brownish gray to a dark olive-brown

septate

partitioned with cross-walls

septum (plural septa)

cross-wall in hyphae

sequestrate

describes fruiting bodies that have evolved from those that forcibly discharge spores to a closed or even underground form in which spores are retained until it decays or is eaten by an animal, the word referring to spores which have been sequestered (hidden). Lactarius is thought to give rise to Arcangeliella (mostly above ground, but gills not exposed or vertically oriented and do not discharge spores forcibly) and Zelleromyces (underground, no true stem). Russula is thought to give rise to Macowanites (mostly above ground), Gymnomyces (underground, no stem), Elasmomyces (no sphaerocysts in hymenial tissue), and Martiella (no sphaerocysts in hymenial tissue, underground without stem). Cortinarius is thought to give rise to Thaxterogaster (above ground) and Hymenogaster (underground, no stem). Agaricus is thought to give rise to Endoptychum and Longula. Chroogomphus is thought to give rise to Brauniellula (often buried or half buried). Pholiota is thought to be related to Nivatogastrium (grows on wood). Other postulated sequestrates are given in brackets: Amanita (Torrendia), Bolbitiaceae (Gastrocybe), Boletus (Gastroboletus), Coprinus (Podaxis), Entoloma (Richonia), Gomphidius (Gomphogaster), Lepiotaceae (Notholepiota), Paxillaceae (Austrogaster, Gymnopaxillus), Strobilomycetaceae (Gautieria), Suillus (Rhizopogon, Alpova, Truncocolumella, Gastrosuillus).

sericeous

silky, like silk

serrate

saw-toothed to almost ragged

serrulate

finely serrate

sessile

lacking a stem

seta (plural setae)

pointed, elongated, thick-walled sterile cells

setula (plural setulae)

a fine bristle; a thick walled, pigmented, terminal element of a tramal cystidium

shaggy

rough as with long hair or wool

sheathlike

of a ring, clinging to the stem and opening upwards

short decurrent

refers to decurrent gills that do not proceed down stem far: for instance, as much as the width of the gills

siderophilous

of basidia, with granules that darken when heated in acetocarmine

sienna

raw sienna is brownish yellow-orange or bright yellow brown; burnt sienna is a watery strong red-brown or dark orange brown

sinuate

of gill attachment, refers to gills with a lower edge that curves up close to the stem then curves back to reach the stem more or less horizontally; of cap margin means wavy or undulating

sinuous

crooked or curved

skeletal hypha

thick-walled, little branched non-septate hypha

skirtlike

of a ring (annulus), hanging down like a skirt

slimy

having a thick layer of slime, more than viscid or glutinous

smooth

of a surface, without projections, often equivalent to bald or glabrous; but may be described as bumpy and bald, or finely powdery and smooth; of cap margin may mean not wavy or lobed, or may mean not grooved; of spores, not spiny rough, or ridged

snuff-brown

same as tobacco-brown, a dark sepia, a dull yellowish brown, a dull cinnamon brown

solid

not hollow; feeling hard

solitary

not growing in the immediate neighborhood of other individuals

sordid

dingy-looking

sp. nov.

new species

sphagnum

a genus of moss that grows in bogs

spathulate

shaped like a spatula or spoon, oblong with a narrowing base

species

classification grouping below family and genus, often used for organisms capable of interbreeding (though less common "hybrids" can occur between species), among anamorphic fungi that are not known to breed sexually, it refers to a certain level of similarity in form or function; named by genus name in upper case and species name in lower case, e.g. Russula emetica

spermatic

resembling the odor of human sperm or semen

sphaerocyst, spherocyst

a round or swollen cell in flesh of certain mushrooms, particularly Russula and Lactarius

sphaerocyte, spherocyte

round cell of pellis or veil

spine

long slender sharp projection

spiny

having many spines

sporadic

irregular in its occurrence, either in time or location

spore

reproductive cell or "seed" of a fungus, produced on specialized cells, which in gilled mushrooms are on the gills

spore print

a visible deposit of spores obtained by allowing a gilled mushroom to drop spores onto white paper for a few hours or overnight

spore wall

in the most complex spore wall there are five layers from outer to inner: perisporium, non-pigmented and usually enveloping spore like a bag which may disappear; exosporium, usually non-pigmented and can often be distinguished chemically from other layers, episporium, a continuation of outer wall of basidium, the thickest layer and the one providing structural support, mesosporium, a barely distinguishable delicate structure, and endosporium, which can vary from very thick (in which case it can then be divided into inner and outer part) or seemingly absent, or truly absent; the presence or absence of layers varies with species

sporocarp

a structure in which or on which spores are produced, often used for fruiting body, consisting of cap, gills, and stem

spotted

with roundish areas different in color from the rest of the surface

squamose

scaly, with moderate to large scales

squamule

scale

squamulose

with small scales

squarrose

covered with upright or curved-up pointed scales

squarrulose

covered with small upright pointed scales

stalk

same as stipe or stem

stature

characteristic shape

stellate

star-shaped

stem

the column supporting the cap in most mushroom, more correctly called the stipe

sterigmata

elongated appendages or "arms" on the basidium upon which spores are borne

sterile

not producing spores

stipe

the correct name for the "stem" of a mushroom

stipitate

having a stipe (or stem)

stipitipellis

surface layer of the stem

stramineous

straw-colored

strangulate

constricted

streaked

having faint lines or bands, used when appressed fibrils appear like bands or faint lines

stria (plural striae)

lines or fine grooves which may be parallel or radiating

striate

marked with lines or fine grooves which may be parallel or radiating

strigose

having long stiff hairs

stroma (plural stromata)

a mass or matrix of vegetative hyphae, with or without tissue of the host, sometimes sclerotium-like in form, in or on which spores or fruiting bodies are produced

stuffed

containing loose material in the interior, not hollow or solid

sub-

near, nearly, more or less, somewhat, slightly; below or under; subdivision of

subclose

a term used occasionally of gill spacing, intermediate between close and crowded, might also be used to mean more or less close

subcrowded

a term used occasionally of gill spacing, intermediate between close and crowded, might also be used to mean more or less crowded

subdecurrent

of gills, meaning short decurrent or nearly decurrent or somewhat decurrent (i.e. intermediate between adnate and decurrent, when attachment extends slightly further down stem than when adnate)

subdistant

of gill spacing, intermediate between close and distant, the order being crowded, (subcrowded), (subclose), close, subdistant, distant

subfusiform

of spores, elongated, tapered at one end and rounded at the other

subgills

the short gills that do not span the entire distance from margin to stem

subglobose

of spores, nearly spherical or round; according to one set of criteria (Bas' work on Amanita) ratio of length to width 1.05-1.15

subhymenium

a differentiated tissue just beneath the hymenium

subicule

same as subiculum

subiculum

a net-, wool-, or crust-like growth of mycelium under fruiting bodies

subisodiametric

of spore sizes, the average length divided by the average width has a value from 1.16-1.27: with isodiametric spores this value is 1.0-1.15, and with heterodiametric spores it is greater than 1.27

subpellis

the layer that separates the pellis from the trama; often considered the same as the hypoderm

substrate

the material that a fungus is growing on

substratum

substrate, the material that a fungus is growing on

subtomentose

with a somewhat dense layer of matted down or soft hairs; or like a newly sheared lamb

subulate

awl-shaped (subula = awl); of cystidia, swollen between the middle and the slightly tapered base and pointed at top

subviscid

slightly sticky, thinly viscid

sulcate

grooved, furrowed

superior

of a ring, forming on the upper part of the stem

suprahilar disc

same as plage

suprapellis

the outermost layer of the pellis, it may be undifferentiated (cells not distinct from those of underlying flesh), derm (cells arranged perpendicularly to surface), or cutis (cells arranged more or less parallel to surface)

synonym

another name for the same species, especially an earlier or illegitimate name not currently used for the species; if two or more names are based on the same type, they are homotypic synonyms, sometimes indicated by three horizontal lines between the two names, but if they are based on different types, they are heterotypic, sometimes indicated by two horizontal lines between the two names; in this program, alternate names following the primary name are earlier or later or illegitimate names representing all or part of the concept of the primary name: the primary name includes the alternate name, but the alternate name may not include the whole taxon represented by the primary name

synonymous

representing the same species

synonymize

subsume a species name under another species name