Natural Resources Canada
www.nrcan-rncan.gc.ca
CDE13
Doug Goodman
Russula-like
(Basidiomycota, Russulales, Russulaceae) + Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES: brownish yellow, smooth to warty; outer mantle a non-interlocking irregular synenchyma often with an overlying net prosenchyma; inner mantle a net prosenchyma or net synenchyma with an overlying layer of interlocking synenchyma; emanating hyphae tortuous, 2.0 µm wide, with simple septa
MORPHOLOGY (Dissection Microscope):
ECTOMYCORRHIZAL SYSTEM: (Figs. 1-4)
Shape and dimensions: irregular (Figs. 1,2) to monopodial pinnate or less often monopodial pyramidal systems 8 (5-15) mm long; tips straight to bent, 2.0 (0.3-6.0) mm by 0.45 (0.36-0.61) mm; axes 0.55 (0.44-0.66) mm wide; tips often with constrictions (Figs. 1,3)
Colour and texture: brownish yellow to yellowish brown, with rare white patches where warts are large and abundant; smooth (Fig. 4) to finely (Fig. 3) or less often coarsely warty; matte; translucent mantle partially obscures host surface; apices light brownish yellow, older tips yellowish brown
EMANATING ELEMENTS:
Mycelial Strands: none seen
Hyphae: none seen
ANATOMY (Compound Microscope):
MANTLE IN PLAN VIEW: mantle of medium thickness, Hartig net present, specialized cells not seen
Outer Layer: between a non-interlocking and interlocking irregular synenchyma (Fig. 6), in places overlain by a net prosenchyma (Fig. 5); cells of synenchyma irregular to roundish, about 7 µm diam.; hyphae and cells smooth, hyaline, with clear or less often granular contents; hyphae of prosenchyma 21 (12-34) µm by 4.0 (2.4-4.8) µm, septa common, not clamped; hyphal junctions common, junction angle 90°-120°; anastomoses not seen; with some irregularly shaped cells with four "arms" (Figs. 5,6); wart-like aggregations of cells and hyphae form in and above the net prosenchyma (Figs. 11,12), warts are abundant on some tips and rare to absent on others; like types H and N of Agerer (1991)
Inner Layer: a net synenchyma (Fig. 8) or net prosenchyma (Fig. 10); cells 15 (5-30) µm by 2.3 (1.6-3.2) µm, hyaline, smooth, with clear contents; septa common, not clamped; hyphal junctions common, junction angle 60° to 90°; anastomoses not seen; usually with an overlying layer of interlocking irregular synenchyma (Fig. 7); cells of interlocking synenchyma 14 (5-25) µm by 6 (3-9) µm, hyaline, smooth, with clear contents; septa, hyphal junctions, and anastomoses not seen
MYCELIAL STRANDS IN PLAN VIEW: none seen
EMANATING HYPHAE: (Fig. 9) rare to common, cells 2.0 (1.5-2.5) µm by 50 µm, hyaline, smooth, contents clear; septa common, not clamped; hyphal junctions rare, junction angle 90°; anastomoses not seen; specialized cells not seen
CYSTIDIA: (Fig. 12) rare, fusiform to globular; fusiform cystidia 13 (5-28) µm long by 2 (1-7) µm at apex, medial width 6 (3-9) µm, and 4 (2-6) µm at base; globular cystidia 14 (11-17) µm long, medial width 4.5 (3-6) µm; very thin walled, hyaline, smooth, with clear contents; septa not seen
OTHER FEATURES:
SCLEROTIA AND MICROSCLEROTIA: none seen
CHLAMYDOSPORES: none seen
AUTOFLUORESCENCE OF WHOLE TIPS: none at 254 or 366 nm
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
KOH: no reaction of whole tips, mantle, or cystidia.
Melzer's reagent: no reaction of whole tips, mantle, or cystidia.
Sulfovanillin: whole tips black; some cells of mantle scrapings dark red, cystidia dark red.
Toluidine Blue: whole tips, mantle scrapings, and cystidia blue or purple.
DNA: ITS1/NL6Bmun: AluI: 430, 290, 188, 113; HinfI: 409, 315, 165, 151; RsaI: 993
ADDITIONAL CHARACTERS: none observed
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION: collected by Doug Goodman (CWD2-10-10, type 11), May 1997 and October 1996, near Mabel Lake, 50° 29' 47" N by 118° 45' 12" W; described by Doug Goodman; tentatively identified to genus by comparison with descriptions by Brand (1991), Treu (1990), and Agerer (1987); accessioned in the herbarium DAVFP, specimen 25292
ECOLOGY: the second most abundant (number of root tips) ectomycorrhizal type in an old-growth stand (250-yr-old) of Tsuga heterophylla (60% of stems), Thuja plicata (30%), Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Larix occidentalis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus monticola, and Salix sp. at the Mable Lake site in the Interior Cedar-Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone, moist warm subzone (ICHmw2), site series 01 (Lloyd et al. 1990), elevation 1200 m.; 7000 tips were seen, primarily found in decaying wood, also in the forest floor (LFH) and mineral soil; active in October and May.
AUTHOR: Doug Goodman ., Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 Burnside Road West, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, V8Z 1M5
YEAR OF PUBLICATION: 1997
REFERENCES:
Agerer, R. 1987. Russula ochroleuca. In Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae. Edited by R. Agerer. Einhorn-Verlag Schwäbisch Gmünd, Munich. Plate 1.
Agerer, R. 1991. Characterization of ectomycorrhiza. In: Techniques for the study of mycorrhiza. Edited by J.R. Norris, D.J. Read, and A.K. Varma. Academic Press, London. pp. 50-51.
Brand, F. 1991. Russula mairei. In Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae. Edited by R. Agerer. Einhorn-Verlag Schwäbisch Gmünd, Munich. Plate 65.
Treu,R. 1990. Russula firmula. In Colour Atlas of Ectomycorrhizae. Edited by R. Agerer. Einhorn-Verlag Schwäbisch Gmünd, Munich. Plate 43.
Lloyd, D., Angove, K., Hope, G., Thompson, C. 1990. A guide to site identification and interpretation for the Kamloops Forest Region. B.C. Ministry of Forests, Victoria, B.C.